Chuyên đề tự học môn Tiếng Anh (theo tham chiếu Châu Âu 6 bậc) Adverbial Clauses 2016 - Bài 8: Adverbial Clauses Of Time - Đỗ Bình

BÀI 8. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME
MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGỮ CHỈ THỜI GIAN
1. When: “When” means “at that moment, at that time, etc.” Notice the different tenses used in relationship to the clause beginning with when. It is important to remember that “when” takes either the simple past OR the present. 
“When” được dùng với ý nghĩa “lúc ấy, thời điểm ấy”. “When” cũng được dùng với nhiều thì ngữ pháp khác nhau trong mệnh đề thời gian, có thể là quá khứ đơn, quá khứ tiếp diễn, lẫn hiện tại đơn. Cụ thể như các ví dụ minh họa sau:
He was talking on the phone when I arrived. 	I washed the dishes when my daughter fell asleep.
When she called, he had already eaten lunch. We’ll go to lunch when you come to visit. 
When we were playing on the swings, it started to rain.
2. Before: “Before” means “before that moment”. It is important to remember that “before” takes either the simple past OR the present. 
“Before” được dùng với ý nghĩa “trước lúc ấy, trước thời điểm ấy”. “Before” cũng được dùng với nhiều thì ngữ pháp khác nhau trong mệnh đề thời gian, có thể là quá khứ đơn, lẫn hiện tại đơn. Cụ thể như các ví dụ minh họa sau:
We will finish before he arrives. 	Before you come back, the new hospital will have been built.
She (had) left before I telephoned. 	Before we came, they had gone.
3. After: “After” means “after that moment”. It is important to remember that “after” takes the present for future events and the past OR past perfect for past events.
“After” được dùng với ý nghĩa “sau lúc ấy, sau thời điểm ấy”. “After” cũng được dùng với nhiều thì ngữ pháp khác nhau trong mệnh đề thời gian, có thể là quá khứ đơn, quá khứ hoàn thành. Cụ thể như các ví dụ minh họa sau:
We will finish after he comes. 	After he arrives, he will certainly make a speech.
She ate after I (had) left. 	After we had done all our homework, we played chess.
4. While, as: “While” and “as” mean “during that time”. “While” and “as” are both usually used with the past continuous because the meaning of “during that time” which indicates an action in progress. 
“While/ As” được dùng với ý nghĩa “trong lúc, trong khoảng thời gia”. “While/ As” được dùng với thì quá khứ tiếp diễn trong mệnh đề thời gian, dùng để diễn tả sự diễn tiến của hành động. Cụ thể như các ví dụ minh họa sau:
She began cooking while I was finishing my homework. 
As I was finishing my homework, she began cooking. 
While I was walking home, I met with my long-lost friend, Nga.
He had an accident as he was walking on the street.
5. By the time: “By the time” expresses the idea that one event has been completed before another. It is important to notice the use of the past perfect for past events and future perfect for future events in the main clause. This is because of the idea of something happening up to another point in time.
“By the time” dùng để diễn đạt một hành động, sự kiện đã hoàn tất trước một sự kiện khác, hành động khác. “By the time” dùng với mệnh đề thời gian ở quá khứ (mệnh đề chính ở quá khứ hoàn thành) diễn tả một sự kiện trong quá khứ, tuy nhiên “by the time” sẽ diễn tả tương lai khi mệnh đề thời gian với “by the time” chia ở hiện tại (mệnh đề chính chia ở tương lai).
By the time he finished, I had cooked dinner. 
We will have finished our homework by the time they arrive. 
6. Until, till: “Until” and “till” express “up to that time”. We use either the simple present or simple past with “until” and “till”. “Till” is usually only used in spoken English. 
“Until/ Till” được dùng để diễn đạt ý nghĩa “đến thời gian đó, đến thời điểm đó”. “Until/ Till” cũng được dùng với nhiều thì ngữ pháp khác nhau trong mệnh đề thời gian, có thể là quá khứ đơn, quá khứ hoàn thành. “Till” được dùng trong ngôn ngữ nói nhiều hơn. Cụ thể như các ví dụ minh họa sau:
We waited until he finished his homework. We will continue to work till it is dark.
I didn’t realize who he was until he took off his sunglasses.	I’ll wait till you finish. 
7. Since: “Since” means “from that time”. We use the present perfect (continuous) with “since”. “Since” can also be used with a specific point in time. 
“Since” nghĩa là “kể từ thời điểm đó”, hoặc dùng với các mốc thời gian. “Since” được dùng với các dạng hoàn thành. Cụ thể minh họa qua các ví dụ sau:
I have learned English since I was a young boy. They have worked here since 1987. 
We have been waiting for him since early this morning.
8. As soon as/ Once: “As soon as” means “when something happens - immediately afterwards”. “As soon as” is very similar to “when” it emphasizes that the event will occur immediately after the other. We usually use the simple present for future events, although present perfect can also be used. 
“As soon as” diễn tả sự việc diễn ra ngay sau đó có một sự kiện, hành động khác tiếp nối, nó có ý nghĩa tương đối giống với”when”, hay “once”. Mệnh đề thời gian với “as soon as” được chi ở hiện tại để diễn tả tương lai. Ví dụ cụ thể:
He will let us know as soon as he decides (or as soon as he has decided). 
As soon as I hear from Tom, I will give you a telephone call. 
Once I have a chance, I will throw you an ice ball. 
9. NOTE: No sooner  than  or hardly/scarcely/barely when. . is used in the meaning of As soon asbut when the sentence starts with them, that part is used in “inversion” like the question form and in the past perfect tense. 
No sooner  than  hay hardly/scarcely/barely when... được dùng với ý nghĩa như “as soon as”, nhưng mệnh đề sẽ phải đảo ngữ khi No sooner  than  hay hardly/ scarcely/ barely when... được đặt ở đầu mệnh đề. Ví dụ minh họa như dưới đây:
Examples:
As soon as I entered the room, I noticed her. 
No sooner had I entered the room than I noticed her. 
Hardly had I entered the room when I noticed her. 
As soon as he approached the house, the policeman stopped him. 
No sooner had he approached the house than the policeman stopped him. 
Hardly had he approached the house when the policeman stopped him. 
10. Whenever, every time: “Whenever” and “every time” mean “each time something happens”. We use the simple present (or the simple past in the past) because “whenever” and “every time” express habitual action. 
“Whenever” và “every time” được dùng với yas nghĩa “khi/ mỗi khi”, thì hiện tại thường hay quá khứ thường được dùng trong mệnh đề chỉ thời gian với “whenever” hay “every time” để diễn đạt một hành động mang tính thói quen hay lặp lại. Ví dụ:
Whenever he comes, we go to have lunch at Dick’s. We take a hike every time he visits. 
Whenever/Every time Susan feels nervous, she chews her nails. 
11. The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time: The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time means “that specific time”. We can use these forms to be more specific about which time of a number of times something happened. Các cụm từ trên dùng để diễn đạt “thời điểm cụ thể xác định”. Ví dụ:
The first time I went to New York, I was intimidated by the city. 
I saw Jack the last time I went to San Francisco. 
The second time I played tennis, I began to have fun. 
12. Punctuation: Dấu câu
When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma to separate the two clauses. 
Ta dùng dấu phẩy “,” để tách mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian với mệnh đề chính khi mệnh đề chỉ thời gian được đặt ở đầu câu, và bỏ dấu “,” trong trường hợp ngược lại.
When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma to separate the two clauses. 
e.g.	As soon as he arrives, we will have some lunch. 
	When we came, they were playing cards. While he was walking in the park, he met Anh.
When the adverb clause finishes the sentence there is no need for a comma. 
e.g.	He gave me a call when he arrived in town. We will wait here until she comes back.
	She has been living in this city since she was born.
The time in the sentence is future but we use a present tense. 
e.g.	Wait here until I come back. When she arrives, I will tell her to phone you.
	We will start as soon as the weather turns fine.
We can also use the present perfect tense after: when/after/as soon as/until or till
e.g.	Can I borrow that book when you have finished it? 
But it is often possible to use the present tense or the present perfect tense
e.g. 	I will come as soon as I finish. Or I will come as soon as I have finished. 
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense.
How long do you want me to heat the oil? –heat it till it (begin) to smoke.
How long are you going to stay here? – I’m going to stay here until my brother (finish) his exams. 
When I (get) to the cinema, the film (start). 
By the time you (read) this book, your meal will get cold. 
Please tell me how to get to the hospital? - Go till you (come) to a square with a statue in the middle; then turn left and you (find) it on your right.
I (read) book while my sister (do) her homework. 
When he (come), I (watch) a football match on TV. 
When I (walk) down the street, I (see) her.
We will go with him as soon as we (finish) the task. 
I (learn) English since I (be) six years old.
When we (see) them last night, they (sing). They (say) they (sing) since 6 o’clock. 
I hope it (not rain) when the bride (leave) the church tomorrow. 
In a few minutes” time, when the clock (strike) six, I (wait) here for 3 hours. 
John (do) the test again at the moment because he (not pass) it the first time. 
I wish I (listen) to your advice last night. When I (be) able to leave hospital, doctor?
I will stay with you until your mother (come) home. 
After he had got the money, he (leave) home immediately. 
When he (arrive), he will tell us the truth. 
Mary was dancing while John (sing). 
The train left as we (arrive). 
Exercise 2. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence.
1. The little girl wouldn't go into the sea_____________ her father went to.
	A. except	B. but	C. also	D. unless
2. The ceiling is__________.
	A. too high for me to reach	B. too high for me to reach it.
 	C. so high for me reaching	D. enough high of me to reaching
3. __________ other workers’ constant objection, the director dismissed the workers. 
	A. Because 	B. Because of	C. Although	D. In spite of
4. “I tried to study English well. I want to get a good job.” means__________.
	A. I tried to study English well so that I can get a good job
	B. I tried to study English well in order that I can get a good job	
	C. I tried to study English well to get a good job
	D. all are correct
5. __________ some scientists use lasers for military purposes, others use them in medicine.
	A. When 	B. While 	C. Until	D. However
6. It seems__________ those students haven’t learnt this grammar point before.
	A. so that 	B. as if	C. such that	D. even though
7. You will become ill_____________ you stop working so hard.
	A. until	B. if	C. unless	D. when
8. She remembered the correct address only_____________ she had posted the letter.
	A. since	B. following	C. after	D. afterwards
9. He goes to England__________.	
	A. so that he learns English 	B. so that he may learn English
 	C. so to learn English 	D. so he learns English 
10. She hid the present__________.
	A. so that the children wouldn’t find it 	B. in order to the children not to find it
 	C. for the children not find it 	D. in order that the children not to find it 
11. The teacher was explaining the lesson slowly and clearly__________.
	A. to make his students to understand it	
B. in order that his students can understand it
	C. so as to that his students could understand it	
D. so that his students could understand it
12. They are__________.
	A. so lazy boys as they are punished 	B. so lazy boys that they are punished
 	C. such lazy boys that they are punished 	D. such lazy that they are punished
13._____________ I ask him for the money he owes me, he says he will bring it in a few days, but I don't think he has got it at all.
	A. However	B. Wherever	C. Whatever	D. Whenever
14. It was too late__________.
 	A. to go for them to the party. 	B. for them to go to the party. 
	C. because they go to the party. 	D. so they go to the party.
15. Cindy is sick. She can’t go to work.
	A. Cindy is too sick to go to work	B. Cindy is sick enough to go to work	
	C. Cindy is such sick that she can’t go to work D. Cindy is sick so that she can’t go to work
16. The boy always does his homework before class__________.
	A. so as not to be punished by the teacher	 B. so as to be punished by the teacher
	C. so that not to be punished by the teacher 	 D. in order that not to be punished by the teacher
17. “They whispered. They didn’t want anyone to hear them.” means__________.
	A. They whispered in order to make anyone hear them
	B. They whispered so that no one could hear them
	C. They whispered to make everyone hear them
	D. They whispered in order that make everyone hear them
18. The party,_____________ I was the guest of honor, was extremely enjoyable.
	A. to which	B. at which	C. for which	D. by which
19. He retired early_____________ ill health.
	A. in front of	B. ahead of	C. on account of 	D. on behalf of
20. It's____________ long time since he last saw his brothers and sisters.
	A. such a 	B. too	C. very	D. so
Exercise 3. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence.
I am going to speak with the boss when the meeting __________. 
	A. will end 	B. ends 	C. is ending 	D. would end
When we___________ him tomorrow, we will remind him of that. 
	A. will see	B. see	C. am seeing	D. saw. 	 
When he comes, I___________ her the news. 
	A. tell	B. will tell 	C. would tell 	D. would have told 
When the police came, they _________. 
	A. are fighting 	B. fought 	C. be fighting	 D. were fighting
Before she came to England, she _________ English. 
	A. studied	B. will study 	C. had studied	 D was studying 
I have lost touch with him _________ He left for London. 
	A. as soon as 	B. after 	C. before	 D. since 
My mother is washing the dishes _________ my father is watching television. 
	A. when 	B. while 	C. as	D. since 
Lan has learnt English since she_________ a small girl. 
	A. is	B. was	C. has been	D. had been
Don’t go anywhere until I_________ back. 
 	A. come	B. came	C. will come	D. am coming
 Before cars_________, people_________ horses and bicycles. 
	A. were discovered/ had used	B. discovering/ had used
	C. had discovered/ used	D. discovered/ had used
 __________, I will give him the report. 
	A. When he will return 	B. When he returns	C. Until he will return D. No sooner he returns
 __________ the firemen arrived to help, we had already put out the fire. 
	A. Until 	B. No sooner 	C. By the time 	D. After
 I have earned my own living__________ I was seven. 
	A. since 	B. when 	C. while 	D. as soon as
 __________ the dance, Jerry said good-bye to his girlfriend. 
	A. Before left 	B. Before he leaves	C. Before leaving 	D. Before he will leave
 Jones__________ after everyone__________. 
	A. speaks / will eat B. will speak / has eaten C. is speaking / eats D. has spoken / will have eaten
 __________, Joe stays in bed and reads magazines. 
	A. Whenever raining 	B. As it will be raining	C. When it will rain D. Whenever it rains
 __________ in Rome than he was kidnapped. 
	A. No sooner he arrived 	B. Had he no sooner arrived
	C. No sooner had he arrived 	D. No sooner he had arrived
 We saw many beautiful birds__________ in the lake. 
	A when we are fishing 	B. while fishing 	C. while fished D. fishing
 __________, Peter came to see me. 
	A. While having dinner 	B. While I was having dinner
	C. When having dinner 	D. When lam having dinner
 __________ my homework, I went to bed. 
	A. After I had finished 	B. After finished	C. Finished D. After had finished
Exercise 4. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence.
1. __________ I came to this country, I couldn't speak a word of English.
 	A. Since 	B. After 	C. When 	D. Before
2. I'll let you know__________ I come back.
 	A. though 	B. since 	C. because 	D. before
3. They left the house__________ saying good-bye to their mother.
	A. before	B. after	C. during	D. in
4. We will wait here__________ he comes back.
	A. while	B. until	C. before	D. after
5. Mozart could write music__________ he was only five.
	A. because 	B. although 	C. when 	D. however
6. __________ Peter gets here, we will congratulate him. 
	A. As soon as 	B. After 	C. No sooner 	D. Since
Mrs. Pike__________ the door before the customers arrived. 
	A. had opened 	B. will open 	C. would open 	 D. has open
After Mariana __________ her exam, __________ her out to eat. 
	A. was finishing/ would take 	B. finished/ had taken
	C. will finish/ have taken	D. has finished/ will take
Mary will have finished all her work__________. 
	A. as soon as her boss returned 	B. until her boss will return
	C. by the time her boss returns 	D. when he-r boss will return
 She went on crying, with her head sunk into a pillow, and cried and cried_____ the pillow was wet through. 
	A. before 	B. after 	C. until 	D. while
 He cleaned his shoes__________ they shone. 
	A. when 	B. after 	C. while 	 D. until 
 I had no sooner lit the barbecue _______ it started to rain. 
	A. as 	B. while 	C. than 	D. that 
 I will wait__________ he comes.
	A. however 	 B. until 	C. so that 	 D. in spite of
 You should give the iron time to heat up__________ you iron your clothes.
	A. because 	 B. so that 	C. even though 	 D. before
 When the paint__________ it'll change from a light to a deep red. 
	A. dry 	B. dries 	C. dried 	 D. will dry 
 When__________ older I'd love to be an artist. 
	A. I'm 	B. I'll be 	C. was 	D. have been 
 ______ you finish typing that report make five copies of it and give it to aloof the officers. 
	A. While	B. When 	C. But	D. Although
 When the passenger__________, will you please give him this package?
	A. will arrive	B. arrives	C. would arrives	D. arriving
 They were playing in the garden when__________. 
	A. they have heard a scream 	B. they were hearing a scream 
	C. they heard a scream 	D. they had heard a scream 
 By the time he retires, he__________ $20,000. 
	A. will save 	B. has saved 	C. had saved 	D. will have saved 
Exercise 5. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence.
 Mark heard the news on the radio__________ he was driving home.
	A. while	B. as	C. until 	D. A and B
 What are you going to do__________ graduating from university?
	A. before 	B. after 	C. so 	D. because
 I am not so good at English, __________ I have to practice more.
	A. but 	B. so	C. while	D. despite
 __________ the fact that she fail the exam, she didn’t look disappointed.
	A. although	B. despite	C. in spite of	D. because of
 We didn’t go to France last summer__________ we couldn’t afford to.
	A. so	B. when	C. because	D. because of
 You can’t drive a car__________ you have a license.
	A. unless 	B. so	C. in case 	 D. if
 __________ the flight delay, they didn’t attend the conference.
	A. Because 	B. As 	C. Although	D. Because of
 The storm was so strong. __________ all the crops were destroyed.
	A. However	B. As a result	C. Consequently	D. B and C
 Everyone thought she would accept the offer. __________, she turned it down.
	A. However	B. So 	C. Too	D. Moreover
 You should look up the meaning of the new words in the dictionary__________ misuse it
	A. so as to	B. to 	C. so as not to	D. so that
 I bought this new software__________ Chinese.
	A. for learning 	B. learning	C. to learn 	D. learned
 The flight from New York to London was delayed__________ the heavy fog.
	A. because of 	B. because 	C. so 	D. as a result
 It’s__________ city that he’s got lost.
	A. a such big 	B. such big 	C. such a big 	D. a very big
 There are__________ in the universe that we cannot count them.
	A. so much stars 	B. so many stars 	C. such stars many D. such stars much
 He has__________ to do that he can’t go to the cinema with us.
	A. so much work 	B. so many work 	C. such much work 	D. such a work.
 It is__________ book that just a few people like it.
	A. so an old 	B. so old 	C. such old 	D. such an old 
 The satellite travel__________ into space that nobody could see it with naked eyes.
	A. so far 	B. such far 	C. too far 	D. far enough
 __________ the bad weather, the plan landed safely.
 	A. in spite 	B. in spite of 	C. despite the fact that D. though
 It was__________ that we went for a walk.
 	A. a beautiful weather 	B. so a beautiful night C. so nice weather D. such a nice weather 
 He lighted the candle__________ he might read the note.
	A. so that	B. and 	C. because 	D. as a result
Exercise 6. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence.
Fail to pay the bill__________ they will cut off the electricity.
	A. unless	B. and	C. so	D. if
It is such an important matter__________ I can’t decide anything about it myself.
	A. so	B. because	C. that 	D. if
He hid that letter in a drawer__________ no one could read it.
	A. so that	B. because	C. although	D. than
__________ Tom was unable to see anything, he knew someone was in his room.
	A. Because 	B. In case	C. If	D. Even though
__________ other workers’ constant objection, the director dismissed the workers. 
	A. Because 	B. Because of	C. Although	D. In spite of
__________ some scientists use lasers for military purposes, others use them in medicine.
	A. When 	B. While 	C. Until	D. However
It seems__________ those students haven’t learnt this grammar point before.
	A. so that 	B. as if	C. such that	D. even though
They were disqualified__________ they fought to the last minute.
	A. as 	B. since	C. though	D. once
The teacher explained the lesson twice__________ the students understood it clearly.
	A. as long as 	B. so that 	C. because	D. as if
 She didn’t participate in the contest__________ her lack of confidence.
	A. because 	B. because of	C. since 	D. despite
 It is__________ that I have read it twice.
	A. such an interesting book	B. so interesting a book C. too interesting a book	D. A and B
 Lili is__________ to do this exercise.
	A. no intelligence enough	B. not intelligent enough	
	C. not enough intelligent 	D. so intelligent enough 
 I am__________ a car.
	A. not rich enough to buy	B. too rich enough to buy C. too poor to buy	D. A and C
 The ceiling is__________.
	A. too high for me to reach	B. too high for me to reach it.
 	C. so high for me reaching	D. enough high of me to reaching
 The woman was so beautiful__________.
	A. that I couldn’t help looking at	B. that I couldn’t help looking at her
	C. for me looking at her	D. that for me to look at
 It is__________ that I would like to go to the beach.
	A. such a nice weather 	B. too nice weather	C. such nice weather D. such weather nice 
 These are__________ that I can’t finish them.
	A. a such long assignments	B. such long assignments
	C. such a long assignments	D. too long assignments 
 He goes to England__________.	
	A. so that he learns English 	B. so that he may learn English
 	C. so to learn English 	D. so he learns English 
 It was too late__________.
 	A. to go for them to the party. 	B. for them to go to the party. 
	C. because they go to the party. 	D. so they go to the party.
 Cindy is very sick. She can’t go to work.
	A. Cindy is too sick to go to work	B. Cindy is sick enough to go to work
	C. Cindy is such sick that she can’t go to work	D. Cindy is sick so that she can’t go to work