Chuyên đề tự học môn Tiếng Anh (theo tham chiếu Châu Âu 6 bậc) Nouns 2016 - Chuyên đề II, Bài 1: Nouns - Đỗ Bình

CHUYÊN ĐỀ II: WORD CLASSES - CHUYÊN ĐỀ VỀ TỪ VỰNG
BÀI 1. NOUNS - DANH TỪ
Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or movements, etc. 
 (Danh từ là từ dùng để gọi tên sự vật, hiện tượng)
Functions: (chức năng)
 2.1. Subject (S) (chủ ngữ): Danh từ làm chủ ngữ cho câu, hay chủ thể tác động, nhận tác động từ động từ. 
e.g. 	A teacher usually works at school. Some kinds of birds migrate in winter.
 S A V A S V A
	Accidents may happen anytime, anywhere, and to anyone.
 S V A
 2.2. Object (O) (tân ngữ): Danh từ làm tân ngữ cho câu, hay chủ thể nhận tác động từ động từ, theo sau một số giới từ.
e.g. 	He buys some cakes for his birthday party. They sent me some documents.
 S V O O S V O O
	We had made an appointment to meet at the station.
	 S V O 
2.3. Complement (C) (bổ ngữ): Danh từ làm bổ ngữ trong câu, là thành phần phụ hoàn tất câu.
 	e.g. 	She was a famous singer. She has been our principal since last May.
 S V C S V C A
	Peter will become our new manager in the next two year.
 S V C A
2.4. Compounds (danh từ ghép): Danh từ có thể ghép với nhau để tạo thành danh từ mới với những qui tắc ghép khác nhau. e.g. 	summer holiday, birthday cakes, schoolboy, schoolgirl, salesman, chairperson, etc.
2.5. Possessive cases (dạng sở hữu cách): Chú ý cách tạo dấu sở hữu cách trong các ví dụ dưới đây.
e.g. 	the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks, children’s seats, people’s lives,
	pupils’ books, the farmers’ tools,
2.6. Noun phrases (cụm danh từ kết hợp tự do): Free words combination or compounds.
 Danh từ ghép với các thành tố khác tạo thành cụm danh từ.
Plural forms: các hình thức biến đổi danh từ từ dạng số ít thành số nhiều (chỉ dành cho danh từ đếm được – countable nouns).
 3.1. Adding “s” to almost count-nouns: thêm ‘s’ vào sau hầu hết các danh từ số ít để tạo 
	thành các danh từ số nhiều. (Chú ý: tận cùng ‘s’ được phát âm /s/ khi liền trước là các 
	phụ âm vô thanh như /f/, /t/, /k/, /p/, phát âm là /iz/ khi theo sau các tận cùng ce,
 	 ge, se, ze, còn lại phát âm là /z/). Như bảng sau:
singular
plural
singular
plural
singular
plural
1.
an action
actions
8.
an hour
hours
15.
a kid
kids
2.
an actor
actors
9.
an onion
onions
16.
a lamp
lamps
3.
an apple
apples
10.
an umbrella
umbrellas
17.
a table
tables
4.
an orange 
oranges 
11.
a bomb
bombs
18.
a unit
units
5.
an eel
eels
12.
a cat
cats
19.
a whisper 
whispers 
6.
an eye
eyes
13.
a dog
dogs
20.
a winner 
winners 
7.
an heir
heirs
14.
a finger
fingers
3.2. Adding “es” to the count-nouns that end in “s, ss, sh, ch, o, x” with /iz/ or /z/ sounds: Thêm ‘es’ vào sau các danh từ đếm được số ít tận cùng bằng “s, ss, sh, ch, o, x” để tạo thành các danh từ số nhiều tương ứng. Như bảng sau:
endings
singular
plural
singular
plural
1.
s
a bus
buses
a plus
pluses
2.
ss
a class
classes
a kiss
kisses
3.
sh
a brush
brushes
a dish
dishes
4.
ch
a church
churches
a watch
watches
5.
o
a potato
potatoes
a tomato
tomatoes
6.
x
an ax
axes
a box
boxes
Note: Words of foreign origin or abbreviation ending in ‘o’, add ‘s’ only. Với các từ vay mượn, từ viết tắt tận cùng bằng ‘o’, ta thêm ‘s’ để tạo hình thức số nhiều. Như:
singular
plural
singular
plural
1.
a dynamo
dynamos
6.
a soprano
sopranos
2.
a kilo
kilos
7.
a kimono
kimonos
3.
a piano
pianos
8.
a UFO 
UFOs
4.
a radio 
radios
9.
a UFO 
UFOs
5.
a photo
photos
10.
an O
Os
Adding “ies” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding consonants: Với các danh từ đếm được số ít tận cùng là ‘y’ và liền trước là phụ âm ta bỏ ‘y’ thay bằng ‘ies’ để tạo ra các danh từ số nhiều tương ứng. Như bảng sau:
singular
plural
singular
plural
1.
a lorry
lorries
5.
an ability
abilities
2.
a story
stories
6.
a sky
skies
3.
a lady
ladies
7.
a fly
flies
4.
a baby
babies
8.
a lady
ladies
Nhưng: 
singular
plural
singular
plural
1.
a boy
boys
4.
a storey
storeys
2.
a toy
toys
5.
a prey
preys
3.
a play
plays
6.
a way
ways
Adding “ves” to the count-nouns that end in “f”, “fe”: Chuyển các danh từ đếm được tận cùng bằng “f”, “fe” từ số ít sang số nhiều ta đổi “f”, “fe” thành ‘ves’ như bảng sau:
singular
plural
singular
plural
1.
a wife
wives
4.
a leaf
leaves
2.
a knife
knives
5.
a loaf
loaves
3.
a life
lives
6.
a thief
thieves
Chú ý:
Các danh từ hoof, scarf, và wharf đổi sang số nhiều thành hoofs, scarfs, và wharfs hoặc hooves, scarves, và wharves. Tức là có thể them ‘s’ hoặc ‘ves’.
Các danh từ cliff, handkerchief, và safe đổi sang số nhiều sẽ chuyển thành cliffs, handkerchiefs, và safes. Tức là chỉ thêm ‘s’.
Irregular changes: dạng biến đổi bất qui tắc mô tả ở bảng dưới đây:
singular
plural
singular
plural
1.
a man
men
11.
a child
children
2.
a woman
women
12.
a medium
media
3.
a chairman
chairmen
13.
a mouse
mice
4.
a chairwoman
chairwomen
14.
an ox
oxen
5.
a salesman
salesmen
15.
a goose
geese
6.
a saleswoman
saleswomen
16.
a tooth
teeth
7.
a salesperson
salespeople
17.
a foot
feet
8.
a chairperson
chair people
18.
a phenomenon
phenomena
9.
a person
people
19.
a policeman
policemen
10.
a louse
lice
20.
a policewoman
policewomen
Collective nouns: crew, family, group, team,(singular or plural form, either singular or plural verb) Các danh từ trên gọi là danh từ tổ hợp, có thể coi là số ít hoặc số nhiều, dùng động từ dạng số ít hoặc nhiều.
e.g. 	The crew save many victims. 	Hoặc The crew saves many victims.
Our group have won several times.	Hoặc Our group has won several times.
Always-plural-form-nouns: Những danh từ dưới đây luôn tồn tại dưới hình thức số nhiều.
1.
arms
11.
greens (vegetable)
21.
pyjamas
2.
athletics
12.
jeans
22.
savings
3.
binoculars
13.
mathematics
23.
scales
4.
breeches
14.
outskirts
24.
scissors
5.
clothes
15.
pants
25.
shears
6.
damages
16.
pains (trouble, effort)
26.
spirits
7.
earnings
17.
physics
27.
stairs
8.
ethics
18.
pliers 
28.
surroundings
9.
glasses
19.
police
29.
trousers
10.
goods
20.
politics
30.
valuables
e.g. 	The police have asked several witnesses to prove their ideas.
	The stairs are too dim for us to go up easily.
The unchanged names of creatures: deer, sheep, calf, cod, pike, plaice, salmon, squid, trout, turbot (these nouns can take either singular or plural verbs) hình thức số ít, nhiều không đổi.
singular
plural
singular
plural
1.
a deer
deer
6.
a cod
cod
2.
a sheep
sheep
7.
a pike
pike
3.
a calf
calf
8.
a plaice
plaice
4.
a salmon
salmon
9.
a squid
squid
5.
a trout
trout
10.
a turbot
turbot
e.g. 	A deer is trapped and two other deer are killed by the poachers.
	A squid and two salmon were sent to the laboratory for rescue.
Plural form but singular verb: news, mumps (bệnh sưng quai hàm), billiards, bowls – Các danh từ trên có hình thức số nhiều nhưng sử dụng như danh từ số ít.
e.g. 	There is a news at 7.00 every day.
	Mumps is widely seen among children of the age of under fifteen.
Uncountable nouns: Danh từ không đếm được
 4.1. Substances: các dạng vật chất sau được qui ước là danh từ không đếm được:
1.
beer
6.
dust
11.
jam
16.
stone
2.
bread
7.
gin
12.
oil
17.
tea
3.
cloth
8.
glass
13.
paper
18.
water
4.
coffee
9.
gold
14.
sand
19.
wine
5.
cream
10.
ice
15.
soap
20.
wood
 e.g.	Vietnamese coffee is exported to many countries in the world.
	Beer is a favourire drink in the South.
 4.2. Abstract nouns: Các danh từ trừu tượng sau được qui ước là danh từ không đếm được:
1.
advice
6.
fear
11.
knowledge
2.
beauty
7.
help
12.
mercy
3.
courage
8.
hope
13.
pity
4.
death
9.
horror
14.
relief
5.
experience
10.
information
15.
suspicion
e.g. 	Fear is a kind of feelings.
	Knowledge is one’s valuable possession.
Others: một số danh từ khác được qui ước là danh từ không đếm được:
1.
baggage
3.
damage
5.
luggage
7.
parking
9.
work
2.
camping
4.
furniture
6.
money
8.
shopping
10.
weather
e.g.	Camping is my favourite outdoor activity. Weather is getting warmer when the Spring comes.
Notes: Particular senses of uncountable nouns: Một số danh từ không đếm được lại có thể sử dụng với mạo từ như danh từ đếm được trong các ngữ cố định sau:
a. a help: A great help to + O 
e.g. 	He gave a great help to our family. Computer is a great help to my work. 
b. a relief: A relief to + V.
e.g. 	That gave me a relief to continue my study. A relief to work makes your doing better.
c. a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N.
e.g. 	Pete has got a good knowledge of history.
	A good knowledge of physics helps him pass the test.
d. a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + 
e.g.	He had a great love for funny stories.
	A great love for wildlife encouraged him to apply for that job.
e. a mercy / pity / shame / wonder + that
e.g.	It’s a pity that I couldn’t come. What’s a pity!
f. a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions.
e.g.	We have a suspicion / suspicions that no one will agree to help.
	A suspicion of no reason made him angry.
Compound nouns: danh từ ghép
5.1. Noun-noun: Hanoi-capital; hall-door; hitch-hiker; kitchen-table; traffic light; winter clothes; 
5.2. Noun-gerund: fruit-picking; weight-lifting; lorry-driving; bird-watching; coal-mining; surf-boating;
5.3. Gerund-noun: waiting-list; landing card; driving board; dining room; driving license;
5.4. Free combination: sự kết hợp tự do
 - shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college library; gear level;
 - city street; corner shop; country lane; 
 - summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus; November fog; 
 - steel door; stone wall; silk shirt; 
- coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground;
 - fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig;  
 - football match; beauty contest; pop music;
Suffixes: các hậu tố dùng để tạo danh từ.
suffixes
words
1.
er
teacher
reader
listener
2.
or
visitor
actor
spectator
3.
ist
terrorist
capitalist
naturalist
4.
ant
applicant
assistant
pollutant
5.
age
voyage
carriage
marriage
6.
dom
freedom
boredom
wisdom
7.
ness
sadness
tiredness
happiness
8.
iety
society
anxiety
variety
9.
ing
fishing
shopping
washing
10.
our
behavior
11.
ee
employee
refugee
interviewee
12.
ent
government
payment
investment
13.
ce
importance
difference
significance
14.
ion
action
decision
communication
15.
hood
childhood
adulthood
neighborhood
16.
ism
tourism
Buddhism
mechanism
17.
ship
friendship
scholarship
relationship
18.
ility
ability
possibility
responsibility
19.
al
arrival
refusal
approval
20.
y
difficulty
honesty
accuracy
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Exercise 1: Give ONE of the derived nouns of the given words.
roots
nouns
roots
nouns
roots
nouns
1.
able
11.
explain 
21.
manage
2.
anxious
12.
friendly
22.
modernize
3.
attract
13.
free
23.
organize
4.
announce
14.
hospitable
24.
pollute
5.
believe
15.
imagine
25.
popular
6.
careful
16.
imitate
26.
prove
7.
certain
17.
know
27.
short
8.
child
18.
like
28.
solid
9.
discover
19.
lonely
29.
stupid
10.
excite
20.
maintain 
30.
warm
Exercise 2: Give ONE of the derived nouns of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.
1.
The children all have very different____________.
PERSON
2.
An______________ is a person who is concerned about the natural environment and wants to improve and protect it. 
ENVIRONMENT
3.
She had never been greatly concerned about her _____________.
APPEAR
4.
The_____________ of people interviewed prefer TV to radio. 
MAJOR
5.
I’ll never forget the____________ I felt in the situation. 
HUMILIATE 
6.
The main goals of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations are to promote peace and___________ in the region.
STABLE
7.
The security of the earth can be threatened by___________ groups.
TERROR
8.
It is reported that humans are the main reason for most species' declines and habitat_____________.
DESTROY
9.
He resigned for a____________ of reasons.
VARY
10.
The Americans are much more concerned than the Indians and the Chinese with physical_______________ when choosing a wife or a husband.
ATTRACT
11.
How much does___________ of this club cost?
MEMBER
12.
I was annoyed at his___________ to co-operate.
REFUSE
13.
Jackson had another violent___________ with the referee.
AGREE
14.
She studied__________ at university.
ECONOMY
15.
Jackie suffered as a child from a very strict___________.
BRING
16.
Rescue team held out little hope of finding other___________.
SURVIVE 
17.
___________ of the new system will take several days.	
INSTALL
18.
Teachers must keep a record of students’_____________.
ATTEND
19.
There were 50___________ in the talent contest.
COMPETE
20.
Our___________ has lasted a lifetime. 
FRIEND
Exercise 3: Give ONE of the derived nouns of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.
1.
It was a complete _____________ due to their poor planning. 
FAIL
2.
Everyone has a number of__________ but none has many true friends.
ACQUAINT
3.
Freedom of__________ is one of the fundamental rights. 
SPEAK
4.
Do you ever suffer from___________. 
BORE
5.
We can look forward to a period of___________.
PROSPER
6.
Due to___________ the difference between urban life and rural life is more and more reduced.
ELECTRIC
7.
A doctor may prescribe__________ if the patient has an infection.
BIOTIC
8.
Beauty is in the eye of the____________.
HOLD
9.
It is said the____________ of a Swiss watch is perfect.
PRECISE
10.
We have to decide to interview only the best six__________ for the job.
APPLY
11.
He left the room without any_______________. 
EXPLAIN
12.
Many people expressed_____________ with the whole idea.
AGREE
13.
A lot of plants and animals could be used as medicines against cancer, AIDS, heart diseases and other____________.
SICK
14.
 _____________ to a new environment is a difficult thing for old people.
ADAPT
15.
Police asked_____________ if they had seen the accident happen
PASS
16.
He shook his head in____________.
APPROVE
17.
He fought the illness with courage and____________.
DETERMINE
18.
Because of a car__________, she didn’t get to the airport in time for her flights.
BREAK
19.
The ____ need assistance from the whole society.
POVERTY
20.
We are offering many special price___________ on printers this month.
REDUCE
Exercise 4: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.
1. She is a biologist. She is interested in__________.
 A. conserves 	B. conservancy	C. conservation	D. conservative
2. Stress and tiredness often lead to lack of_______.
 A. concentration	B. concentrate	C. concentrated 	D. concentrator 
3. Jack likes the books that he borrowed from the school library very much. He has read them with____________.
A. entertainment 	B. romance 	C. tasting 	D. pleasure
4. Many communities are burning garbage and other biological waste products to produce __________.
	A. electric 	B. electricity 	C. electrician 	D. electrify
5. Many of young people between the ages of 16 and 18 who are neither in education nor __________ are in danger of wasting their lives.
A. power 	B. ability 	C. nature	D. employment
6. A book may be evaluated by a reader or professional writer to create a book____________.
A. review 	B. reviewing 	C. reviewer 	D. reviewed
7. Farmers make their soil more productive by distributing___________.
A. fertile 	B. fertility 	C. fertilizers 	D. fertilizable
8. Chemical wastes from factories are___________ that cause serious damage to species habitats.
A. pollutes 	B. pollutants 	C. pollutions 	D. polluters
9. A book may be studied by students as the____________ of a writing and analysis exercise in the form of a book report.
A. limit 	B. time 	C. subject 	D. interest
10. In some communities a husband's____________ over his wife is absolute.
A. power 	B. powerful 	C. powerfully 	D. powered
11. I think that up to now there has not been a real____________ between men and women.
A. equal 	B. equally 	C. equality 	D. equalize
12. Most people consider it women's____________ to take care of children and do housework.
A. limit 	B. relationship 	C. responsibility 	D. respect
13. She is a biologist. She is interested in__________.
	A. conserves 	B. conservation	C. conservancy	D. conservative
14. The__________ development leads to our country’s prosperity.
	A. industry 	B. industries 	C. industrial 	D. industrialize
15. Almost half of turtles and tortoises are known to be threatened with____________.
A. extinct 	B. extinction 	C. extinctive 	D. extinctly
16. The organization has emphasized cooperation in the "three pillars" of security, socio cultural and economic___________ in the region.
A. organization 	B. production 	C. integration 	D. establishment
17. To preserve that____________, it was necessary to preserve the people that had created it.
A. civil 	B. civilize	 	C. civility 	D. civilization
18. It is reported that humans are the main reason for most species' declines and habitat ___________ and degradation are the leading threats.
A. destroy 	B. destructive 	C. destructor 	 	D. destruction
19. I have nearly finished reading the book. There are only a few__________ left.
A. pieces 	B. pages 	C. slices 	D. sheets
20. A child receives his early____________ from their parents.
A. educate 	B. education 	C. educator 	D. educative
Exercise 5: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.
1. He has been very interested in doing research on___________ since he was at high school.
A. biology 	B. biological 	C. biologist 	D. biologically
2. Most doctors and nurses have to work on a___________ once or twice a week at the hospital.
A. solution 	B. night shift 	C. household chores 	D. special dishes
3. You are old enough to take___________ for what you have done.
A. responsible 	B. responsibility 	C. responsibly 	D. irresponsible
4. These quick and easy___________ can be effective in the short term, but they have a cost.
A. solve 	B. solvable 	C. solutions 	D. solvability
5. What are the___________ of that country? - I think it is some kinds of cheese and sauces.
A. drinks 	B. beverages 	C. grains 	D. special dishes
6. Hung tried his best and passed the driving test at the first___________.
A. try 	B. attempt 	C. doing 	D. aim
7. My husband and I both go out to work so we share the___________.
A. happiness 	B. household chores C. responsibility 	D. employment
8. You should not burn___________. You had better dig a hole and bury it.
A. dishes 	B. lab 	C. garbage 	D. shift
9. He cannot make a___________ to get married to Mary or stay single until he can afford a house and a car. 
A. decide 	B. decision 	C. decisive 	D. decisively
10. It is thought that traditional marriage_______ are important basis of limiting divorce rates.
A. appearances 	B. records 	C. responses 	D. values
11. Thanks to my friends’_____________ remarks, my essay have been improved.
 A. construct 	B. construction 	C. constructive 	D. constructor 
12. She was the first in her family to enjoy the privilege of a university___________.
A. schedule 	B. education 	C. science 	D. technology
13. English is an important___________ that is required in several national examinations.
A. language 	B. test 	C. evaluation 	D. subject
14. ___________ is the study of the Earth's physical features and the people, plants, and animals that live in different regions of the world. 
A. Science 	B. Geography 	C. History 	 	D. Technology
15. ___________ is the study of the events of the past.
A. Geography 	B. History 	C. Arts 	D. Literature
16. He owed his success not to privilege but to self-education and a driving desire for ___________.
A. achieve 	B. achiever 	C. achievement 	D. achievable
17. A _______ is an area of knowledge or study, especially one that you study at school, college, or university. 
A. degree 	B. subject 	C. level 	D. vacancy
18. Most ___________ are at senior level, requiring appropriate qualifications.
A. degrees 	B. grades 	C. colleges 	D. vacancies
19. She reads newspapers every day to look for the vacant_________ for which she can apply.
A. institutions 	B. indications 	C. positions 	D. locations
20. A _______ is an official document that you receive when you have completed a course of study or training.
A. vocation 	B. subject 	C. certificate 	D. grade
Exercise 6: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.
1. All the countries of the area have___________ to protect their wildlife but they are rarely enforced.
A. efforts 	B. laws 	C. results 	D. reserves
2. The president traveled under the____________ of many soldiers.
	A. protect 	B. protective 	 C. protector	D. protection 
3. Forest dwellers had always hunted the local___________ but their needs had been small.
A. wildlife 	B. commerce 	C. reserve 	D. generation
4. A_____ is a report in a newspaper or magazine in which a writer gives his opinion of a book, a film, or a play.
A. page 	B. subject 	C. review 	D. journey
5. She has been out of work for 3 months. She stays at home and does the housework __________.
	A. disappoint 	B. disappointedly 	 C. disappointed D. disappointing
6. In former days, women were considered not to be suitable for becoming a____________.
A. politics	 	B. political 	C. politically 	D. politician
7. The referee had no hesitation in awarding the visiting team a___________.
A. penalty 	B. penalize 	C. penal 	D. penalization
8. The crowd cheered as the goalkeeper deflected the___________.
A. shoot 	B. shooting 	C. shooter 	D. shot
9. They eventually realize that reckless_____ of the earth's resources can lead only to eventual global disaster. 
A. exploit 	B. exploitable 	C. exploitation 	D. exploitative
10. Mary enjoys reading_______, adventure, and whatever else she can either buy or borrow.
A. romance 	B. romantic 	C. romanticize 	D. romanticism
11. The novel has had a tremendous impact on____________ and publishing markets.
A. entertain 	B. entertainer 	C. entertainment 	D. entertainingly
12. A____________ is a story long enough to fill a complete book, in which the characters and events are usually imaginary.
A. pleasure 	B. novel 	C. page 	D. review
13. Women show a _______ to live longer than men.
 A. tend 	B. tendency	C. tendentious	D. tender
14. A ___________ is a very large wave, often caused by an earthquake, which flows onto the land and destroys things.
A. famine 	B. catastrophe 	C. tsunami 	D. flood
15. It is necessary for the host to make his guest feel comfortable and _____________.
	A. relax 	B. relaxation 	C. relaxing 	D. relaxed
16. Toxic chemicals from factories are one of the serious factors that leads wildlife to the_______ of extinction.
A. wall 	B. fence 	C. verge 	D. bridge
17. A____________ is the story of a person's life written by somebody else.
A. romance 	B. fiction 	C. biography 	D. science
18. After leaving school, many of us only read for____________.
A. please 	B. pleasant 	C. pleasure 	D. pleasing
19. There are plenty of industrial___________ established in the area, which also makes the government worried about pollution.
A. series 	B. goods 	C. enterprises 	D. relationships
20. The referee's___________ is the most important in any sport competition.
A. decide 	B. decisive 	C. decision 	D. decider
Exercise 7: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.
1. There is a wide___________ of computers in that shop for you to choose.
A. vary 	B. various 	C. variety 	D. variously
2. There are several places where residents face the threat of___________ every day.
A. terrorist 	B. terrorism 	C. terrorize 	D. terror
3. Many people think that in some more years we will see the complete___________ of newspapers and magazines due to the Internet.
A. disappear 	B. disappearance 	C. appear 	D. appearing
4. The__________ of the future will no longer be remedial. It will be preventive.
A. communication 	B. education 	C. medicine 	D. technology
5. Doctors and pharmacists have to assume___________ for human life.
A. responsibility 	B. achievement 	C. optimism 	D. aspect
6. Strict___________ measures are in force in the capital to protect it from terrorism.
A. scientific 	B. normal 	C. transportation 	D. security
7. Constant___________ of attack makes everyday life dangerous here.
A. threat 	B. threaten 	C. threatening 	D. threateningly
8. The government gave top ___________ to reforming the legal syste