Đề cương ôn tập môn anh lớp 8 học kì II – năm học 2008 – 2009

ÑEÀ CÖÔNG OÂN TAÄP MOÂNANH LÔÙP 8
HOÏC KÌ II – NAÊM HOÏC 2008 – 2009 
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1. Present Simple tense.( Thì hieän taïi ñôn)
- Use : Ñeå dieãn taû caùc söï vieäc moät caùch toång quaùt , khoâng nhaát thieát chæ nghó ñeán hieän taïi . Ta duøng thì naøy ñeå noùi ñeán moat söï vieäc naøo ñoù xaûy ra lieân tuïc ,laëp ñi laëp laïi nhieàu laàn , hay moât ñieàu gì ñoù luoân luoân ñuùng ,duø cho söï vieäc ñoù coù xaûy ra ngay taïi luùc noùi hay khoâng laø ñieàu khoâng quan troïng .
- Form: (+ ) S + V/Vs / es + …………………….	 Ex -The earth goes around the sun.
( - ) S + don’t/doesn’t + V+ ………………..	 	-We don’t have classes on Sunday.
( ? ) Do/Does + S + V + ………………….? 	- Does Lan speak French?
2. (not ) adjective + enough + infinitive ( khoâng ) ñuû ……………….. ñeå
Ex: The water is hot enough for me to drink.
 She isn’t old enough to be in my class
3. Near Future: Be going to ( thì töông lai gaàn )
- Form : S + is / am/ are + going to + Vinf
- Use : Duøng khi noùi veà moät vieäc maø ai ñoù quyeát ñònh seõ laøm hay döï ñònh seõ laøm trong töông lai. 
Ex : There is a good film on TV tonight. I’m going to stay home to watch TV .
- Note : Be going to coøn duøng ñeå döï ñoaùn moät tình huoáng coù theå xaûy ra 
Ex: I feel tired . I think I’m going to be sick.
4. Adverb of place ( Traïng töø chæ nôi choán ): out side, inside, there, here, upstairs, downstairs ,next to ,under ,…………..
Ex: The money was finally found under the boards.
5. Reflexive pronouns.( Ñaïi töø phaûn thaân): myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves . 
- Dieãn taû haønh ñoäng trôû laïi vôùi chính ngöôøi thöïc hieän . 
+ Noù coù theå laøm tuùc töø (Object ) Ex: Be careful.. You’ll cut yourself.
+ Noù ñöùng ngay sau töø maø noù laøm maïnh nghóa. Ex : An sent this letter itself.
- Ñaïi töø phaûn thaân laøm maïnh nghóa cho chuû töø. Noù ñöùng ngay sau chuû töø, hoaëc ñöùng ôû cuoái meänh ñeà /caâu. Ex: Mary herself cleaned the floor.
6. Modal verbs 
- Form : + S + modal verb + V + ……….	Ex : I can sing very well.
	 - S + modal verb + not + V + ……… Ex : Hoa may not come to the party tomorrow.
	 ? Modal verb + S + V + ………….? 	Ex : May I come in ?
- Modal verb : must, ought to, have to,should
* MUST : laø khieám trôï ñoäng töø ( a modal ) dieãn taû söï baét buoäc hay söï caàn thieát coù tính chuû quan- do caûm nghó cuûa ngöôøi noùi. (Ex: He must do this exercise again.), hay dieãn taû tính qui taéc hay leà luaät . (Ex: We must drive on the right.)
* HAVE TO : dieãn taû söï baét buoäc hay söï caàn thieát coù tính khaùch quan – do yeáu toá beân ngoaøi.
	Ex: Your eyes are weak. You have to wear glasses. 
* OUGHT TO + V(base form) (neân): dieãn taû lôøi khuyeân. Ex: We ought to obey our parents.
* SHOULD: dieãn taû lôøi khuyeân Ex: You should help the needed children.
* MAY / CAN / COULD : ñöôïc duøng ñeå dieãn taû lôøi yeâu caàu hay ñeà nghò 
- Yeâu caàu söï giuùp ñôõ: Can / Could + you + V + O / A,please ?(Ex: Can you help me ,please.)
- Ñeà nghò giuùp ai: May + I + V + O/A ?; Let + me + V + O/A. ; Do you need any help? Shall + I + V + O / A ? Ex: May I help you?
* WILL: duøng ñeå dieãn taû lôøi yeâu caàu , ñeà nghò hoaëc lôøi höùa
- Will + you + V + O + A / M , please? Dieãn taû lôøi yeâu caàu. 
Ex: Will you turn of the fan, please ? I’m cold. 
- I + will + V + O + A / M ? dieãn taû lôøi ñeà nghò laøm ñieàu gì cho ai .
	Ex: The phone is ringing . I’ll answer for you.
- S + will + V + O + A / M ? dieãn taû lôøi höùa . Ex: I’m sory. This won’t happen again.
* Would / Do you + mind + . . . + ? dieãn taû lôøi yeâu caàu lòch söï .
- Would you mind + V-ing ( gerund) ? Ex:Would you mind telling me the result of the exam.
- Would / Do you mind if + I + V . . .? dieãn taû yeâu caàu ñöôïc laøm ñieàu gì 
Ex: Would you mind if I opened the window? Do you mind if I open the window?
7. Questions with “WHY”: Duøng ñeå hoûi veà nguyeân nhaân hay lyù do 
Why + do / aux. V + S + VIB + O . . . ?
	Ex: Why do they cover the electric sockets?
Ñeå traû lôøi cho caâu hoûi vôùi WHY ta coù theå duøng : 
- Meänh ñeà vôùi “because”. Ex: Why do you get up early? – Because I want to do exercise.
- Cuïm ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu . Ex: Why do you do exercise? – To keep healthy.
8. Past Simple Tense (Thì quaù khöù ñôn)
- Use : Dieãn taû haønh ñoäng xaûy ra vaø keát thuùc taïi moät thôøi ñieåm xaùc ñònh ôû quaù khöù 
- Form: + S + V-ed(regular) / V2 ( column irregular) + ………… Ex : - He arrived here yesterday.
 - S + didn’t + V + ………………….	 - She didn’t go to school yesterday.
 ? Did + S + V + …………………… ? - Did you clean this table?
- Note: Thì quaù khöù ñôn thöôøng ñöôïc duøng vôùi caùc cum töø chæ thôøi gian xaùc ñònh ôû quaù khöù : last week / month / year . . ., a week / 3 days / 5 months . . . , yesterday, yesterday morning / evening, In+ naêm, from 2000 to2005
- Caùch ñoïc caùc ñoâng töø ôû quaù khöù ñôn vôùi “ ED”: 
+ “ ED”: ñöôïc ñoïc laø /t/ khi nhöõng ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu coù aâm taän cuøng laø 
Ex : laughed , asked , helped , watch , pushed , dressed , ……………
+ “ ED”: ñöôcï ñoïc laø /id/ khi nhöõng ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu coù aâm taän cuøng laø t , d.
Ex : needed , wanted , waited , ……..
+ “ ED”: ñöôcï ñoïc laø /d/ khi nhöõng ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu coù aâm taän cuøng laø caùc aâm coøn laïi 
Ex : enjoyed , saved , filled ,……….
9. Preposition of time ( Giôùi töø chæ thôøi gian ) : at, in ,on, from . . . to, for, by
- AT : + moät ñieåm thôøi gian cuï theå 	Ex : We have class at one o’clock.
	+ night	Ex : I sleep at night.
- IN : 	+ thaùng/naêm cuï theå	Ex : I was born 1994
	+ the morning/afternoon / evening	Ex : We have class in the morning.
- ON: + ngaøy trong tuaàn 	Ex : We have class on Monday.
	+ ngaøy thaùng naêm 	Ex: I was born on April 6, 2006
- FROM + moät ñieåm thôøi gian + TO + moät ñieåm thôøi gian
	Ex: We have class from 7.00 to 10.15
- FOR: + moät khoaûng thôøi gian : ñeå noùi raèng moät caùi gì ñoù dieãn ra bao laâu roài 
	Ex : We walked for 2 hours to reach the waterfall.
10. Used to + V(bare form) : dieãn taû moät thoùi quen trong quaù khöù nay khoâng coøn 
	Ex: He used to play tennis.
* Note : Söï töông phaûn: USED TO + V(bare form) (Ñaõ töøng )
 	 BE / GET + USED TO + NOUN PHRASE / GERUND ( Quen )
Ex: Ba was born in a famer family. He’s used to working in the sun.
11. Adverb of Manner( Traïng töø chæ theå caùch ): thöôøng theo sau taân ngöõ neáu coù ña soá traïng töø chæ theå caùch ñöôïc caáu taïo töø tính töø theâm haäu toá LY : adjective + ly = adverb
Ex: This man drives carefully.
12. Commands, requests and advice in reported speech
* Commands in reported speech: Caâu meänh leänh ôû lôøi noùi giaùn tieáp 
( Don’t ) + V + O / A
® S + told / ordered . . . + O + ( not ) + infinitive + O / A
	Ex: “Turn off the light before going top bed,” my mother said to me.
® My mother told me to turn of the light before going top bed.
	Ex: “Don’t play with matches,” the mother said.
® The mother warned her child not to play with matches.
* Requests in reported speech: Caâu yeâu caàu ôû lôøi noùi giaùn tieáp 
Please + (don’t ) + V + O / A hoaëc ( Don’t ) + V + O / A , please
® S + asked / begged . . . + O + ( not ) + infinitive + O / A
	Ex: Please turn on the light.	® He asked me to turn on the light.
	Ex: Please don’t make a noise here. ® They asked us not to make a noise there.
* Advice in reported speech: Lôøi khuyeân ô lôøi noùi giaùn tieáp . Lôøi khuyeân coù caáu truùc:
- S + should / ought to / had better + V + O / A.
- Why don’t + you + V + O / A ?
- If I were + O , I’d (not ) + V + O / A .
® S + advised + O + ( not ) infinitive + O/A.
Ex: “ You’d better work hard for exam,” Tom said to his brother.
® Tom advised his brother to study hard for the exam.
“If I were you,I’d not do such a thing,”Mai said to Lan. ® Mai advised Lan not to do such a thing.
 13. Gerund (danh ñoäng töø ) : laø daïng ñoäng töø taän cuøng baèng “ – ING” vaø coù chöùc naêng cuûa moät danh töø. Noù coù theå laøm : 
- Chuû ngöõ: 	 Ex: Smoking is harmful to health.
- Taân ngöõ	Ex : We’re thinking about raising our class’s fund.
	Ex: We practise speaking English in class.
- Laøm boå töø cho chuû töø 	Ex: My interest is collecting stamps.
- Töø ñoàng vò 	Ex: He has one desire , taking care of his old parents.
- Theo sau moät soá ñoäng töø : 	Ex: I’d like reading books.
14. Present perfect tense( Thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh )
- Use :- Duøng ñeå mieâu taû moät haønh ñoäng xaûy ra trong quaù khöù nhöng keát quaû coøn löu ñeán hieän taïi 
 - Duøng ñeå mieâu taû moät haønh ñoäng vöøa môùi xaûy ra ( ta duøng vôùi JUST)
 - Duøng ñeå mieâu taû moät haønh ñoäng ñöôïc hoaøn taát sôùm hôn söï mong ñôïi (ta duøng vôùi ALREADY) Ex: I have already finished this work.
 - Duøng ñeå mieâu taû moät haønh ñoäng töø tröôùc ñeán giôø chöa heà hoaëc khoâng heà xaûy ra ( ta duøng vôùi EVER –NEVER) . Ex: Have you ever been to Hue? I have never gone. 
	 - Duøng ñeå mieâu taû moät haønh ñoäng ñaõ xaûy ratrong quaù khöù tính ñeán nay ñaõ xaûy ra ñöôïc bao laâu (FOR) hoaëc ñaõ xaûy ra töø luùc naøo (Since)
* For : Chæ thôøi gian keùo daøi bao laâu.	Ex: You have studied English for 4 years.
* Since: thôøi gian baét ñaàu töø luùc naøo 	 Ex: She has studied English since 2003.
15. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs
1. So saùnh baèng
- Daïng khaúng ñònh: S + V + as + adj / adv + as + Noun	Ex: Mai is as tall as Lan .
- Daïng phuû ñònh: S + V + not + as / so + adj / adv + as + Noun Ex: Mai isn’t as/so tall as Lan
2. Similarity ( Söï töông ñoàng) : Ñeå dieãn taû söï töông ñoàng ,ta coù theå duøng :
- LIKE ( gioáng, nhö ) 	Ex: He ‘s like his father.
- THE SAME AS ( gioáng nhö ) 	Ex: Your shirt is the same as Ba’s.
- DIFFERENT FROM ( khaùc vôùi )	Ex: He’s different from his mother.
* Note : “THE SAME + noun + AS”cuõng ñöôïc duøng ñeå dieãn taû söï töông ñoàng hay baèng nhau.
Ex : He is the same age as my brother.® He’s as old as my brother.
16- Present progressive Tense ( Thì hieän taïi tieáp dieãn )
- Use : Dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng xaûy ra vaøo ñuùng thôøi ñieåm noùi. 
-Form : + S + is / am/ are + V-ing + ……………	Ex : I’m learning English now.
	 - S + is / am/ are + not + V-ing + ……	 He isn’t learning English now.
	 ? Is / Am / Are + S + V-ing + ………? 	 Is he reading books now?
- Note: Thì hieän taïi tieáp dieãn thöôøng duøng keøm vôùi caùc traïng töø : now, right now,at present , at the moment ñeå nhaán maïnh tính chaát ñang dieãn tieán cuûa haønh ñoäng ôû ngay luùc noùi .
17- Comparative and superlative adjectives ( So saùnh hôn vaø nhaát )
2. So saùnh hôn 
- Tính töø coù moät aâm tieát : Adjective –er + than 	Ex: I’m stronger than you.
- Tính töø coù hai aâm tieát trôû leân: More + adj +than	Ex: My sister is more beautiful than me.
3 So saùnh hôn nhaát
-Tính töø coù moät aâm tieát : The + Adj –est	 Ex: This tower is the tallest.
- Tính töø coù hai aâm tieát trôû leân: The + most + adj 	Ex:Hoa is the most beautiful in my class
Note : Moät soá tính töø baát qui taéc 
Good - better - the best	fas - farther - the farthest
Bad - worse - the worst	 further - the furthest
18. Adjectives followed by an infinitive or a clause.
(Tính töø ñöôïc theo sau bôûi moät ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu hay moät meänh ñeà.)
1.Tính töø chæ caûm giaùc thöôøng ñöôïc theo sau bôûi moät cuïm ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu (infinitive phrase).
S + be + adjective + (not) infinitive phrase. Ex .: I’m glad to meet you again.
He was surprised to get me letter.
Moät soá tính töø khaùc nhö : sure, certain, right, careful, lucky, wrong, … ñöôïc theo sau bôûi moät cuïm ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu. Ex . : He’s certain to win the game. Be careful not to dirty the picture.
2.Moät soá tính töø coù theå ñöôïc theo sau bôûi moät meänh ñeà danh töø (a noun clause).
Ex: I’m glad ( that ) you can make it.
19. In order to – so as to + V( base form) : ñöôïc duøng ñeå dieãn taû muïc ñích 
	Ex: He’s saving money in order to / so as to go on holiday next summer.
20. Future simple Tense ( Thì töông lai ñôn)
- Use : Dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng seõ xaûy ra taïi moät thôøi ñieåm naøo ñoù trong töông lai.
- Form : + S + will / shall + V + ……………	Ex: He will finish his homework tomorrow .
	 - S+ won’t / shan’t + V + ………………..	 Lan won’t go to the zoo next week.
	 ? Will / Shall + S + V + …………………. ? Will you do this exercise ?
21 . The passive form (voice)
Form: BE + V3 /V-ed (past participle)
Ex: They sell jeans all over the world. => Jeans are sold all over the world.
Note:
- Khi chuû ngöõ caâu chuû ñoäng laø: THEY, PEOPLE, SOMEONE, NO ONE, ANYONE thì khi ñoåi sang caâu bò ñoäng khoâng coù By agent . Nhöng khi danh töø laøm chuû ngöõ baét buoäc phaûi coù agent
- Vôùi ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät (modal verbs): CAN, MUST, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, WILL,. . . ta phaûi theâm BE tröôùc khi chuyeån ñoäng töø chính sang daïng PAST PARTICIPLE.
Modal verb
S + modal verb + be + V-ed / V3 (past participle) + (by agent)
Simple present
S + am/is/are + V-ed / V3 (past participle) + (by agent)
Simple past
S + was/were + V-ed / V3 (past participle) + (by agent)
Near future
S + am/is/are + going to be + V-ed / V3 (past participle) + (by agent)
Simple future
S + will/shall be + V-ed / V3 (past participle) + (by agent)
Present perfect tense
S + have been + V-ed / V3 (past participle) + (by agent)
Present progressive
S + am/is/are + being + V-ed / V3 (past participle) + (by agent)
Past progressive
S + was/were + being + V-ed / V3 (past participle) + (by agent)
Ex : You must do this exercise carefully. => This exercise must be done carefully.
22. -ed and -ing participle( Quaù khöù vaø hieän taïi phaân töø )
- Hieân taïi phaân töø “- ING” coøn goïi laø phaân töø taùc ñoäng.Duøng trong caâu chuû ñoäng, ñöôïc thaønh laäp baèng caùch theâm –ing sau ñoäng töø. Ex: His job is boring.
- Quaù khöù phaân töø “ – ED” coøn goïi laø phaân töø bò taùc ñoäng. Duøng trong caâu chuû ñoäng, ñöôïc thaønh laäp baèng caùch theâm –ed ( regular) hoaëc coät 3 baát qui taéc (irregular). Ex: This clock is broken.
* Quaù khöù vaø hieän taïi phaân töø : Ñöùng tröôùc danh töø, hoaëc sau ñoäng töø lieân keát.
Ex: A tired worker is sleeping on the chair. 	The story is interesting 
* Quaù khöù vaø hieän taïi phaân töø: ñöôïc duøng ñeå ruùt goïn meänh ñeà tính töø : Hieän taïi hoaëc quaù khöù phaân töø ( cuïm hieän taïi phaân töø hoaëc cuïm quaù khöù quan töø ñöùng sau danh töø hoaëc cuïm danh töø boå sung yù nghóa cho danh töø hoaëc cuïm danh töø ñoù.
 
Ex: The boy is in my class . He’s reading a book. ® The boy reading a book is in my class.
There are many books. They are written in English. ® There are many books written in English.
23. Past progressive ( Thì quaù khöù tieáp dieãn )
- Form : WAS / WERE + Present pasticiple ( V-ing )
- Use: - dieãn taû söï kieän xaûy ra ôû moät thôøi ñieåm cuï theå ( giôø ) trong quaù khöù
	Ex: What were you doing at 2 p.m. yesterday?
 - dieãn taû moät söï kieän ñang dieãn tieán baát chôït moät söï kieän khaùc xaûy ñeán ôû quaù khöù.
	Ex: Last night when I was doing homework, the electricity went out.
 - dieãn taû hai hay nhieàu söï kieän xaûy ra cuøng moät luùc song song ôû quaù khöù 
 Ex: Last Friday as I was swimming at the pool, my father was visiting the City Museum.
* Note: Thì ù khöù tieáp dieãn thöôøng duøng vôùi WHEN,WHILE hay AS ñeå chæ söï kieän ñang dieãn tieán.
* ALWAYS with the past progressive: always duøng vôùi thì tieáp dieãn ñeå dieãn taû söï kieän thöôøng xuyeân xaûy ra vôùi söï khoâng haøi loøng hay than phieàn (Ex: He was always coming to work late.)
24.Compound nouns ( danh töø keùp)
- Noun + Gerund : danh töø laøm tuùc töø cho danh ñoäng töø. Ex: fire – making , rice – cooking, …
- Gerund + Noun : danh ñoäng töø phaân loaïi danh töø , chæ loaïi vaø muïc ñích cho danh töø.
Ex: Washing-machine; working- condition; waiting – room ; . . .
25. Reported speech ( lôøi noùi traàn thuaät) laø caâu thuaät laïi moät caùch giaùn tieáp lôøi noùi
cuûa ngöôøi khaùc. Ñeå chuyeån töø tröïc tieáp sang caâu giaùn tieáp chuùng ta phaûi:
* Moät soá thay ñoåi veà thì (Tense change) :- Neáu ñoäng töø thöôøng thuaät (reporting verb) cuûa caâu ôû thì quaù khöù thì phaûi luøi ñoäng töø chính veà quaù khöù moät baäc khi chuyeån töø lôøi noùi tröïc tieáp (direct speech) sang lôøi noùi giaùn tieáp (indirect / reported speech) theo quy taéc sau :
Speaker’s words	Reported statement	Speaker’s words	Reported statement
will / shall	®	would / should	present simple	®	past simple
am / is / are going to	®	was / were going to present continuous	®	past continuous
past continuous	® past perfect continuous must	 	®	had to
present perfect	®	past perfect	past simple	®	past perfect
can	®	could	may	®	might
Ex: Direct speech: “I’ll talk to Hoa.”said he. ® Reported speech: He said he would talk to Hoa	 main verb reporting verb
- Neáu ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät ôû thì hieän taïi thì thì cuûa ñoäng töø chính ñöôïc giöõ nguyeân khi chuyeån lôøi noùi tröïc tieáp sang giaùn tieáp.Traïng töø chæ nôi choán,thôøi gian vaø ñaïi töø chæ ñònh ñöôïc giöõ nguyeân.
Ex:	 Direct speech : “I’m arriving at about 6.00.”says Brenda.
Reported speech : Brenda says she’s arriving at about 6.00.
Note: - Coù theå duøng hoaëc khoâng duøng “that” sau ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät.
Ví duï : He said (that) he wasn’t going.
- says / say to + O ® tells / tell = O	said to + O ® told + O
Exï : He told (said to) Helen (that) he didn’t like coffee.
- Moät soá ñoäng töø khoâng thay ñoåi khi chuyeån sang lôøi noùi giaùn tieáp.
Would ® would, could ® could, might ® might, should ® should, ought to ® ought to
* Moät soá chuyeån ñoåi khaùc (Some other changes) : Khi chuyeån töø lôøi noùi tröïc tieáp sang giaùn tieáp maø ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät ôû thì quaù khöù thì caùc traïng töø chæ thôøi gian vaø nôi choán vaø ñaïi töø chæ ñònh ñöôïc chuyeån ñoåi theo quy taéc sau :
Speaker’s words statement	Reported 
today / tonight 	 that day / that night
tomorrow 	 the next day / the following day
yesterday 	 the day before /the previous day
ago / now	 	 before / then
next/ on Monday	the next/ following Monday
last Monday	the previous Monday / the Monday before
the day after tomorrow	in two days’ time / two days later 
this / these	that / those
here	there
Ex:	Direct speech : “ I’m leaving here tomorrow,” said Mary
 Reported speech : Mary said (that) she was leaving there the next day.
26.Reported questions (caâu hoûi traàn thuaät)khoâng coù cuøng traät töï töø (trôï ñoäng töø tröôùc chuû ngöõ)nhö caâu hoûi tröïc tieáp.Trôï ñoäng töø “do,does,did”vaø daáu hoûi khoâng xuaát hieän trong caâu.
- Yes – No questions : thöôøng ñöôïc môû ñaàu baèng caùc ñoäng töø nhö “ ask, inquire, wonder,….” Vaø ta duøng “if” hay “whether” trong lôøi noùi traàn thuaät vaø theo sau caùc ñoäng töø môû ñaàu .
Ex: “ Do you see new friend?” he said ® He asked if you saw new friends.
- Wh –questions : Thöôøng ñöôïc baét ñaàu baèng caùc ñoäng töø “ask, wonder,want to know . . .”vaø theo sau laø caùc nghi vaán töø : who,which,whom,what,. . . 
Ex: “ Who is going for a walk?” he asked them. ® He asked them who was going for a walk.