Đề đánh giá năng lực thi THPT Quốc gia môn Tiếng Anh năm 2017 - Đề thi số: 15 (Có đáp án)

ĐỀ THI SỐ 15
ĐỀ ĐÁNH GIÁ NĂNG LỰC
(Đề thi có 50 câu / 7 trang)
 KÌ THI TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG QUỐC GIA NĂM 2017
Môn: TIẾNG ANH
Thời gian làm bài: 60 phút, không kể thời gian phát đề
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
Question 1: About 95 percent of all animals are invertebrates which can live anywhere, but most, like the starfish and crabs, live in the ocean.
A. with backbones	B. with ribs	C. without ribs	D. without backbones
Question 2: He had never experienced such discourtesy towards the president as it occurred at the annual meeting in May.
A. politeness	B. rudeness	C. measurement	D. encouragement
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Question 3: - "Mr. Adams is going to retire next month."
	- “_____________.”
A. Oh, I have no idea 	C. Right, you’d probably be the next.
B. You don't say!	D. Congratulations!
Question 4: - “________________”
"Never mind, better luck next time."	
A. I’ve broken your precious vase.	B. I have a lot on my mind,
C. I couldn’t keep my mind on work.	D. I didn't get the vacant position.
Question 5: Nobody could have predicted that the show would arouse so much interest and that over two hundred people _________________ away.
A. would turn	B. would have turned
C. would have to be turned	D. had been turned
Question 6: No matter how angry he was, he would never _____________ to 	violence.	
A. exert	B. resolve	C. resort	D. recourse
Question 7: The effect of the painkiller is _______ and I begin to feel the soreness again.
A. turning out	B. doing without	C. fading away	D. wearing off
Question 8: She has just bought _____________. 
A. an interesting old French painting	B. an interesting French old painting
C. a French interesting old painting	D. an old interesting French painting
Question 9: It never ___________ my head that such a teưible thing would happen.
A. struck	B. dawned	C. occurred	D. entered
Question 10: Sarah and I ____________ reserved the rooms in the same hotel. She was really surprised to see me there.
A. coincidentally	B. practically	C. intentionally	D. deliberately
Question 11: We spent nearly 3 hours waiting outside the station, then out ____________.
A. the star came	B. did the star come	C. came the star 	D. under
Question 12: Hats like this may have been fashionable in the 60's, but now they are _____________ the times.
A. behind	B. over	C. beneath 	D. under
Question 13: My mother often ___________ our mistakes, whereas my father is very strict and punishes us for even the slightest one.
A. neglects	B. overlooks 	C. avoids	D. passes
Question 14: Children who are isolated and lonely seem to have poor language and ____________.
A. Communicate	B. Communication	C. Communicative 	D. Communicator
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part that differs from the other three in the pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 20: A. touch	B. watch	C. machine	D. armchair
Question 21: A. famous	 B. nervous	C. loud	D. serious
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress in each of the following questions.
Question 22: A. zoology	B. conquest	C. cement	D. duet
Question 23: A. photocopy	B. particular	C. enthusiasm	D. economy
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
Question 24: At fifty-five, he began life again,	determined with his pen to wipe out the debt.
rub out	B. pay off	C. bump off	D. give up
Question 25: The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting far-reaching research to determine the psychological effects of using drugs.
refined	B. extensive	C. prevalent	D. tentative
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Most forms of property are concrete and tangible, such as houses, cars, furniture or anything else that is included in one’s possessions. Other forms of property can be intangible, and copyright deals with intangible forms of property. Copyright is a legal protection extended to authors of creative works, for example books magazine articles, maps, films, plays, television shows, software, paintings, photographs, music, choreography in dance and all other forms of intellectual or artistic property. 
Although the purpose of artistic property is usually public use and enjoyment, copyright establishes the ownership of the creator. When a person buys a copyrighted magazine, it belongs to this individual as a tangible object. However, the authors of the magazine articles own the research and the writing that went into creating the articles. The right to make and sell or give away copies of books or articles belongs to the authors, publishers, or other individuals or organizations that hold the copyright. To copy an entire book or a part of it, permission must be received from the copyright owner, who will most likely expect to be paid.
Copyright law distinguishes between different types of intellectual property. Music may be played by anyone after it is published. However, if it is performed for profit, the performers need to pay a fee called a royalty. A similar principle applies to performances of songs and plays. On the other hand, names, ideas and book titles are excepted. Ideas do not become copyrighted property until they are published in a book a painting or a musical work. Almost all artistic work created before the 20th century is not copyrighted because it was created before the copyright law was passed.	
The two common ways of infringing upon the copyright are plagiarism and piracy. Plagiarizing the work of another person means passing it off as one’s own. The word plagiarism is derived from the Latin plaglarus, which means “abductor”. Piracy may be an act of one person, but, in many cases, it is a joint effort of several people who reproduce copyrighted material and sell it for profit without paying royalties to the creator. Technological innovations have made piracy easy and anyone can duplicate a motion picture on videotape a computer program, or a book. Video cassette recorders can be used by practically anyone to copy movies and television programs, and copying software has become almost as easy as copying a book. Large companies zealously monitor their copyrights for slogans, advertisements, and brand names, protected by a trademark
Question 26: What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Legal rights of property owners	B. Legal ownership of creative work
C. Examples of copyright piracy	D. Copying creating work for profit
Question 27: The word “principle” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A. crucial point	B. cardinal role	C. fundamental rule 	D. formidable force
Question 28: Which of the following properties is NOT mentioned as protected by copyright?
A. music and plays	B. paintings and maps
C. printed medium	D. scientific discoveries
Question 29: It can be inferred from the passage that it is legal if	
two songs, written by two different composers, have the same melody
two books, written by two different authors, have the same titles
C. two drawings, created by two different artists, have the same images 
D. two plays, created by two different playwrights, have the same plot and characters 
Question 30: With which of the following statements is the author most likely to agree?
Teachers are not allowed to make copies of published materials for use by their students
Plays written in the 16th century cannot be performed in theaters without permission 
Singers can publicly sing only the songs for which they wrote the music and the lyrics 
It is illegal to make photographs when sightseeing or traveling
Question 31: The phrase “infringing upon” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to	
impinging upon	B. inducting for	C. violating	D. abhorring
Question 32: The purpose of copyright law is most comparable with the purpose of which of the following?
A law against theft 	B. A law against smoking 	C. A school policy	D. A household rule
Question 33: According to the passage, copyright law is	
meticulously observed 	B. routinely ignored 	C. frequently debated	D. zealously enforced
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.
In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.
In the third type called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
Question 34: What is the author’s main purpose in the first paragraph of to passage?
To urge readers to cooperate more often
To offer a brief definition of cooperation
C. To explain how cooperation differs from competition and conflict 
D. To show the importance of group organization and attitudes
Question 35: The word cherished in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _______________
A. defined	B. agreed on	C. prized	D. set up
Question 36: Which of the following statements about primary cooperation is supported by information in the passage?
It is usually the first stage of cooperation achieved by a group of individuals attempting to cooperate
It is most commonly seen among people who have not yet developed reading and writing skills 
It is an ideal that can never be achieved
D. It was confined to prehistoric times 
Question 37: According to the passage, why do people join groups that practice secondary cooperation?
To experience the satisfaction of cooperation
To associate with people who have similar backgrounds 
To get rewards for themselves
D. To defeat a common enemy 
Question 38: Which of the following is an example of the third form of cooperation as it is defined in the fourth paragraph?
Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades
Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow 
Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party
D. A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company 
Question 39: Which of the following is NOT given as a name for the third type of cooperation?
A. Tertiary cooperation	B. Antagonistic cooperation
C. Accommodation	D. Latent conflict
Question 40: The word fragile in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
involuntary	B. poorly planned	C. inefficient	D. easily broken
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the blanks.
Stories about how people somehow know when they are being watched have been going around for years However, few attempts have been made to investigate the phenomenon scientifically. Now, with the completion of the largest ever study of the so- called staring effect, there is impressive evidence that this is a recognizable and genuine sixth sense. The study involved hundreds of children. For the experiments, they sat with their eyes (41) ___________ so they could not see, and with their backs to other children, who were told to either stare at them or look
away. Time and time again the results showed that the children who could not see were able to tell when they were
being stared at. In a total of more than 18, 000 trials (42) _____________ worldwide, the children correctly sensed when they were being watched almost 70% of the time. The experiment was repeated with the added precaution of putting the children who were being watched outside the room, (43) ____________ from the starters by the windows. This was done just in case there was some pretending going on with the children telling each other whether they were looking or not. This (44) _____________ the possibility of sounds being transmitted between the children. The results though less impressive, were more or less the same. Dr Sheldrake, the biologist who designed the	study, believes	that the result are convincing enough to find out through futher experiments precisely how the staring	effect might actually (45) ______________.
Question 41. A. shaded	B. covered	C.	masked	D. wrapped
Question 42. A. worked over	B. carried out	C.	carried on	D. worked through
Question 43. A. parted	B. seperated	C.	split	D. divided
Question 44. A. prevented	B. omitted	C.	evaded	D. ended
Question 45. A. set out	B.	 be looked at	C.	come about	D. be held up
Mark me later A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.
Question 46: John is studying hard. He doesn’t want to fail the exam.
A. John is studying hard in Oder not to fail the next exam 
B. John is studying hard in Oder that he not fail the next exam 
C. John is studying hard so as to fail the next exam 
D. John is studying hard in Oder to not to fail the next exam 
Question 47: She gave in her notice. She planned to start her new job in January
A.	She gave in her notice, plan to start her new job in January
B.	She gave in her notice with a view to starting her new job in January
C.	Her notice was given in with an aim to start her new job in January
D.	Her notice was given in order for her to start her new job in January.
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to the sentence in italics.
Question 48: When the unemployment rate is high, the crime rate is usually also high.
The unemployment rate and the crime rate are both higher.
B. The higher the unemployment rate is, the higher the crime rate is. 
C. The unemployment rate is as high as the crime rate.
D The high rate of unemployment depends on the high rate of crime.
Question 49: I wish you hadn't said that
A. I wish you not to say that.	B. If only you didn't say tot
C. I hope you will not say that.	D. It would be nice if you hadn’t said that.
Question 50: “You're always making terrible mistakes”, said the teacher.
A. The teacher asked his students why they always made terrible mistakes.
The teacher realized that his students always made terrible mistakes. 
The teacher complained about his students making terrible mistakes.
D. The teacher made his students not always make terrible mistakes.
ĐÁP ÁN
1A
2A
3B
4D
5C
6C
7D
8A
9D
10A
11C
12A
13B
14B
15C
16A
17A
18D
19B
20C
21C
22C
23A
24B
25B
26Đ
27C
28D
29B
30A
3IC
32A
33B
34B
35C
36B
37C
38C
39D
40D
41Đ
42 B
43 B
44A
45C
46A
47B
4SB
49D
50C
GIẢI THÍCH CHI TIẾT
SECTION A:
Question 1. Chọn A
Tạm dịch: Khoảng 95% tẩt cả động vật không có xương sống có thề sống ở bất cứ đâu, nhưng hầu như, ví như sao biển và cua biển, sổng ở đại dương.
With Backbones (có xương sống)
With Ribs (có xương sườn)
Without Ribs (không có xương sườn)
Without backbones (không có xương sống)
Invertebrates (n) (động vật không xương sống) = animal(s) without backbones.
Dựa vào ví dụ về “starfish” và “Crab” để bài đưa, ta thấy hai con vật này đều không có xương sống. Do đó đáp án phải là with backbones, lưu ý dạng đề tìm đồng nghĩa và trái nghĩa vì rất dễ nhầm.
Question 2. Chọn A
Tạm dịch: Anh ta chưa bao giờ chứng kiến sự khiếm nhã như vậy đối với ngài chủ tịch khi điều này xảy ra tại bữa tiệc hàng năm vào tháng 5.
Politeness (n) (Sự lịch sự)
Rudeness (n) (Sự thô lễ)
Measurement (n) (Sự đo lườĩig, phép đo)
Encouragement (n) (Sự khuyển khích, sự cổ vũ, sự động viên)
Discourtesy(n) (sự khiếm nhã, bất lịch sự) = impoliteness/ unpoliteness = rudeness,
Do đó đáp án phải là A, vì yêu cầu đề tìm từ trái nghĩa, nếu không cẩn thận ta dễ chọn nhầm đáp án B 
Question 3. Chọn B
“You don’t say!”: a general response to something that someone has said (expresses a little polite surprise or interest, but not disbelief): Một câu trả lời chung chung cho điều gì ai đó nói, thế hiện một sự ngạc hiên hoặc quan tâm một cách lịch sự, không phải để thể hiện thiểu tin tưởng vào lời nói của người kia.
Question 4. Chọn D
Tạm dịch câu trả lời: Không sao đâu, lần sau may mắn hơn nhé!
Dễ dàng thấy câu đáp lại này là một câu an ủi, động viên. Do đó, người đầu tiên phải nói một câu mang tính chất mang lại tin buồn của chính người đó.
I've broken your precious vase: Tôi đã làm vỡ lọ hoa quý báu của anh rồi 
I have a lot on my mind: Tôi đang có nhiều chuyện phiền não quá
I couldn't keep my mind on work: Tôi không thề tập trung vào công việc được
I didn't get the vacant position: Tôi đã không nhận được vị trí đang còn trống đó ”
“Vacant” ở đây không liên quan tới “vacation”, không phải là “xuất đi nghi”, tránh nhầm lẫn “ vacant” và “ vacation”. “Vacant” (a): bị bỏ không, trống rỗng, không có người làm.
Question 5. Chọn C
Tam dịch: Không ai có thể đoán trước được chương trình lại có thể gây được nhiều thích thú đến thế và rằng có tới hơn 200 người đã không được cho vào.
To turn away: đuổi ra, bị từ chối không cho làm gì, thải (người làm)
Question 6. Chọn C
Tạm dịch: Cho dù anh ta có tức giận đến cỡ nào thì anh cũng chẳng bao giờ viện tới bạo lực.
Resort to sth: phải động đến ai, viện đến, nhờ tới ai/cái gì.
Các lựa chọn còn lại không phù hợp.
Exsert on sb/sth: áp dụng cái gì.
Resolve on /upon/against St / doing st: kiên quyết.
Have a recourse to sb / sth: nhờ cậy ai, cái gì.
Các lựa chọn còn lại không phù hợp.
Question 7. Chọn D
Tạm dịch: Hiệu quả của thuốc giảm đau đang mất dần và tôi bắt đầu cảm thấy cơn đau trở lại.
To wear off: mất dần.
Turning out: trở nên
Doing without: bỏ qua
Fading away: giải tán
Question 8. Chọn A
Tạm dịch: Cồ ẩy vừa mua một bức tranh cồ thú vị của Pháp
Học sinh xem lại cách sắp xếp trật tự tính từ đã được đề cập ở các đề trước.
Question 9. Chọn D
Tạm dịch: Tôi chưa bao giờ nghĩ một điều tồi tệ như vậy lợi có thể xảy ra.	'
It never entered my head that...! = I never thought that Tôi chưa bao giờ nghĩ rằng, biết rằng. 
It never entered my head that....
Cấu trúc này đồng nghĩa với các dạng sau:
It never enters/ entered my mind that...
It never occurred to me that...
It never crossed my mind that...
Question 10. Chọn A	
Tạm dịch: Sarah và tôi ngẫu nhiên đặt một căn phòng trong cùng một khách sạn. Cô ấy đã rất ngạc nhiên khi nhìn thấy tôi ớ đó.
❖ Coincidentally (một cách ngẫu nhiên).
Các chọn lựa còn lại không phù hợp
❖ Practically (trên thực tế, thực tế ra)
❖ Internationally (cố ý)
❖ Deliberately (chủ tâm)
Question 11: Chọn C
Tạm dịch: Chúng tôi dành ra gần 3 tìểng đồng hồ chờ
đợi bên ngoài trạm thì ngôi sao bước ra.
Sử dụng đào ngữ nguyên động từ: Là hình thức bê nguyên động từ ra trước chù từ (không cần mượn trợ
động từ, không cần trả động từ về nguyên thể). Sử đụng đảo ngữ loại này khi có cụm trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn ờ đầu câu:
on the.., in the here, there, out, off...
Nếu câu gốc đáng lẽ là "... then the star came out”: ngôi sao bước ra ngoài thì câu với câu đảo ngữ, ta đảo thành “out came the star”. Một ví dụ khác với đảo ngữ loại này.
Eg: His house stands at the foot of the hill: Nhà anh ta nằm dưới chân đôi.
=> At the foot of the hill stands his house
Question 12. Chọn A	r
Tạm dịch: Những chiếc mũ thế này có thể đã hợp mốt vào những năm 60 nhung bây giờ chúng đã lạc hậu rồi.
Behind the times: lạc hậu, lỗi mốt
Question 13. Chọn B
Tạm dịch: Mẹ chúng tôi thường bỏ qua cho những lỗi lầm của chúng tôi, trong khi đó bố chúng tôi lại rất nghiêm khắc và sẽ phạt chúng tôi cho dù là một lỗi nhỏ nhất.
To overlook one‘s mistake: bỏ qua, tha thứ cho lỗi lầm của ai.
Các đáp án khác không phù hợp
Neglects (làm ngơ, thờ ơ, bỏ bê, bỏ mặc)
Avoids: (né tránh, tránh xa)
Avoid something hoặc avoid +Ving
Passes (bị lờ đi, bị cho qua)
Question 14. Chon B
Vì language là danh từ nên từ cần điền vào chỗ trống cũng là một danh từ. Suy ra loại đáp án A và C. Dựa vào nghĩa ta thấy đáp án B là phù hợp
Communication(n) : sự truyền đạt, giao tiếp, liên lạc
Communicator: người truyền tin, máy truyền
tin
Communicate (v) : truyền đạt, giao tiếp
Communicative (a) : Dễ truyền; hay lan truyền
Question 15. Chọn C	
Tạm dịch: Bất chấp tẩt cả các bằng chứng, anh ta không thừa nhận là mình có tội.
In the wrong: có lỗi. cô tội 
Question 16. Chọn A
Các em ôn lại ngữ pháp về câu hỏi đuôi. Phần đuôi trong trường hợp này sẽ lấy của “there is” ở vế trước dấu phẩy, vế này có “don’t” là phủ định nên sau dấu phẩy phải là phủ định. Vậy chọn đáp án A là phù hợp nhất.
Question 17. Chọn A
Đỗi should be considered thành which should be consideređ/to be considered
Tạm dịch: Một yếu tố quan trọng cần được cân nhắc là khae năng của bà Lopez duy trì nhà hàng một vài tháng với doanh thu có hạn.
Vì phía sau có động từ “tobe” rồi nên ta thêm đại từ quan hệ hoặc sửa thành “to be”.
Question 18. Chọn D 
Đổi to move thành moving
Accustom oneself to doing st: tự làm quen, thích nghi với việc làm gì
Question 19. Chọn B 
Đổi recent thành recently
Tạm dịch: Phải tới gần đây thì mối quan tâm đối với chất đốt tổng hợp mới được khơi lại.
Question 20. Chọn c
Touch /tᴧtʃ/ / (v) (chạm, đụng)
Watch /vɔtʃ/ (v, n) (xem, đồng hồ)
Machine /ma’ʃɪ:n/ (n) (máy móc, cơ giới)
Armchair /’ɑ:m'tʃə/ (n) (ghế bảnh)
Đáp án chính xác là C vì phần gạch chân được đọc là âm /ʃ/ khác với những đáp án còn lại đọc âm /tʃ/.
Question 21. Chọn C
Famous /’feiməs/ (n) (nổi tiểng)
Nervous /'nə:vəs/ (n) (lo lắng, bồn chồn)
Loud /laud / (n) (to, ầm ĩ, inh ỏi)
Serious /’siəriəs / (n) (đứng đắn, nghiêm trang, nghiêm nghị)
Ta thấy các đáp án A, B, D đều có từ gạch chân đọc là /əs/, còn đáp án C là /aud/, nên đáp án chính xác là C. 
Question 22. Chọn C
Nhấn trọng âm ở âm tiết thứ 2, còn lại nhấn âm thứ I.
Zoology (n) (động vật học)
Conquest (n) (sự xâm chiếm, sự chinh phục)
Cement (n) (xi-măng)
Duet (n) (bản nhạc cho bộ đôi).
Question 23. Chọn A
Nhấn trọng âm ở âm tiết thứ 1, còn lại nhấn âm thứ 2 
Photocopy (n) (bản sao chụp)
Particular (adj) (đặc biật đặc thù; cá biệt, riêng biệt)
Enthusiasm (n) (sự hăng hái, sự nhiệt tình)
Economy (n) (nền kinh tế, tồ chức kinh tế) Question 24. Chọn B
Tạm dịch: Tại độ tuổi 55, ông ta bắt đầu cuộc sống lại, quyết tâm dùng ngòi bút trả hết nợ nần.
Wipe out (v) (xóa bỏ hết, thanh toán hết nợ nần)
Rub out (v) (làm sạch bằng cách cọ, chà, thủ tiêu)
Pay off (v) (trả hết sổ nợ, thanh toán hết) 
Bump off (v) (sát hại)
Give up (v) (từ bỏ, bỏ cuộc)
Do đó đáp án chính xác là B (đề bài yêu cầu tìm đáp án gần nghĩa)
Question 25. Chọn B
Tạm dịch: Viện Sức Khỏe Thần Kinh Quốc Gia đang thực hiện nghiên cứu có ảnh hưởng sâu rộng đế quyết định ảnh hường tâm lý sừ dụng thuốc.
Far - reaching (adj) (có thề áp dụng rộng rãi, có ảnh hưởng sâu rộng)
Refined (adj) (lịch sự, tao nhã, tể nhị; có học thức, đã tinh chế, nguyên chất)
Extensive (adj) (rộng, rộng rãi, bao quát)
Prevalent (adj) (thường thấy, thịnh hành, đang lưu hành)
Tentative (adj) (ướm, thử)
Ta thấy câu hỏi tìm đáp án mang nghĩa gần nhất nên đáp án chính xác là B. extensive (rộng, rộng rãi, bao quát)
Question 26. Chọn B
Clue: “Copyright is a legal protection extended to authors of creative works, for example, books, magazine articles, maps, films, plays, television shows, software, paintings, photographs, music, choreography in dance and all other forms of intellectual or artistic property”: Bản quyển là sự bào vệ hợp pháp cấ